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| partof = the Croatian War of Independence | caption = Zadar on the map of Croatia (JNA-held area in late December 1991 highlighted in red) | date = 16 September – 5 October 1991 | place = Northern Dalmatia, Croatia | result = Cease-fire * Croatia defended the city of Zadar * Yugoslav People's Army met some of its objectives and evacuated from Zadar * SAO Krajina expanded territory under its control | combatant1 = Yugoslav People's Army, Navy and Air Force SAO Krajina | combatant2 = | commander1 = Vladimir Vuković Ratko Mladić Trpko Zdravkovski | commander2 = Anton Tus Josip Tuličić | units1 = 180th Mechanised Brigade 221st Mechanised Brigade 557th Mixed Antitank Artillery Regiment 9th Mixed Artillery Regiment 63rd Parachute Brigade SAO Krajina TO | units2 = 4th Guards Brigade 112th Infantry Brigade ZNG Benkovac–Stankovci Battalion ZNG Škabrnja Battalion Police | strength1 = 3,000 (180th Brigade alone) | strength2 = ~4,500 (JNA estimate) | casualties1 = Unknown | casualties2 = Unknown | casualties3 = 34 civilians killed in artillery bombardment of Zadar }} The Battle of Zadar ((クロアチア語:Bitka za Zadar)) was a military engagement between the Yugoslav People's Army (''Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija'', or JNA), supported by the Croatian Serb Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina (SAO Krajina), and the Croatian National Guard (''Zbor Narodne Garde'', or ZNG), supported by the Croatian Police. The battle was fought north and east of the city of Zadar, Croatia, in the second half of September and early October 1991 during the Croatian War of Independence. Although the JNA's initial orders were to lift the Croatian siege of the JNA's barracks in the city and isolate the region of Dalmatia from the rest of Croatia, the orders were amended during the battle to include capturing the Port of Zadar in the city centre. The JNA's advance was supported by the Yugoslav Air Force and Navy. Fighting stopped on 5 October, when a cease-fire agreement was reached by the belligerents after the JNA reached the outskirts of Zadar and blocked all land routes to the city. Subsequent negotiations resulted in a partial withdrawal of the JNA, restoring road access to Zadar via the Adriatic Highway and the evacuation of JNA facilities in the city. The JNA achieved a portion of its stated objectives; while it blocked the Maslenica Bridge (the last overland route between the Croatian capital of Zagreb and Zadar), a road via Pag Island (relying on a ferry) remained open. The JNA Zadar garrison was evacuated as a result of negotiations, but the ZNG captured several relatively small JNA posts in the city. The port was never captured by the JNA, although it was blockaded by the Yugoslav Navy. The September–October fighting caused 34 civilian deaths in Zadar from the artillery bombardment. Croatia later charged 19 JNA officers involved in the offensive with war crimes against the civilian population; they were tried, convicted ''in absentia'' and sentenced to prison. ==Background== After the 1990 electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia ethnic tensions between Croats and Croatian Serbs worsened, and the Yugoslav People's Army (''Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija'', or JNA) confiscated Croatia's Territorial Defence (''Teritorijalna obrana'', or TO) weapons to minimize resistance. On 17 August an open revolt broke out among the Croatian Serbs, centred on the predominantly Serb-populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland near Knin and parts of Lika, Kordun, Banovina and Slavonia. After two unsuccessful attempts by Serbia (supported by Montenegro and Serbia's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo) to obtain the Yugoslav Presidency's approval for a JNA operation to disarm Croatian security forces in January 1991 and a bloodless skirmish between Serb insurgents and Croatian special police in March, the JNA (supported by Serbia and its allies) asked the federal Presidency to give it wartime powers and declare a state of emergency. The request was denied on 15 March, and the JNA was brought under the control of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević. Milošević, preferring the expansion of Serbia to the preservation of Yugoslavia, threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the federal Presidency. The threat caused the JNA to gradually replace plans to preserve Yugoslavia with Serbian expansion. By the end of March, the conflict escalated after the first fatalities during an incident at Plitvice Lakes. The JNA stepped in, supporting the insurgents and preventing the Croatian police from intervening. In early April, leaders of the Serb revolt in Croatia declared their intention to integrate the area under their control with Serbia; this was seen by the Government of Croatia as an intention to secede from Croatia. At the beginning of 1991, Croatia had no regular army; to bolster its defence, the country doubled its police personnel to about 20,000. The most effective portion of the force was the 3,000-strong special police, deployed in 12 battalions with a military structure; an additional 9,000–10,000 regionally organized reserve police were grouped into 16 battalions and 10 independent companies. Although most were equipped with small arms, a portion of the force was unarmed. In May the Croatian government responded by forming the Croatian National Guard (''Zbor narodne garde'', or ZNG), but its development was hampered by a United Nations (UN) arms embargo introduced in September. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of Zadar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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